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ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ

ืžื” ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืื’ื ื•ืกื˜ื™ืงื”?

ืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ: 18 ื‘ืคื‘ืจืณ 2022

ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืžืžื” ื–ื” ืื’ื ื•ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช.


ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืื’ื ื•ืกื˜ื™ ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืžื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื•ืช :

ืื”- ื’ื ื•ืกื™ืก, ืื™ ื™ื“ืข.


ืืช ื”ืžื•ื ื— ื”ื–ื” ื˜ื‘ืข ื‘ืฉื ืช 1869 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ ืื ื’ืœื™ ื‘ืฉื ืชื•ืžืก ื”ื ืจื™ ื”ืืงืกืœื™. ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื–ื” ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืงื™ื•ืžื ืœื ื”ื•ื›ื—, ื–"ื ืฉื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื ื”ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืื• ืœื.


ืœืจื•ื‘ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื“ืชื™. ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ืชืื™ืกื˜ื™ื, ืฉืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ื–ื”, ืื ืฉื™ื ืืชืื™ืกื˜ื™ื, ืฉืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ื–ื”, ื•ืื’ื ื•ืกื˜ื™ื ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื- ื•ื•ืืœื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ืขืช.


ืื ื™ ื”ืชืื”ื‘ืชื™ ื‘ืžื•ื ื— ื”ื–ื” ื›ื™ ื›ืฉื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืคืชืื•ื ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืžื” ืื ื™.

ื•ืœื ืจืง ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื“ืชื™, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™


ื•ื–ื” ืžื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื‘ืื”


ืžื”ื™ ืื’ื ื•ืกื˜ื™ืงื”?


ืื’ื ื•ืกื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœื™. ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืชืื•ืจื˜ื™ื™ื, ื›ืœื™ื ืžืขืฉื™ื™ื ื•ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ.

ื”ื™ื ื”ื”ื’ืฉืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœื•ื ื”ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืœื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจ ืžืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืขืœื™ื”ื. ืžื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจืืฉ. ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืืช ื–ื” ืžื”ืจื’ืข ืฉืฉืžืชื™ ืœื‘ ืœืžื” ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจ ืœื™ ื‘ืจืืฉ (ืื– ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืชืกืจื™ื˜ื™ ืื™ืžื” ื•ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช), ื•ืœืžื“ืชื™ ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ื‘ื–ื” ืกืคืง.


ืื’ื ื•ืกื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืื’ื ื•ืกื˜ื™ ืœืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ื. ื›ื–ื• ืฉืžื˜ื™ืœื” ืกืคืง ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœื“ืขืช ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ื•ื‘ื˜ื— ืืช ืืœื• ืฉื ืจืื™ื ืœื ื• ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืžืืœื™ื•. ื–ื• ื”ื–ืžื ื” ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืกืคืง ื‘ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ื‘ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื•.


ืคืขื ืœื ืื”ื‘ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืกืคืง. ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืงืฉืจื” ืœื™ ืœืžืงื•ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ืืžื•ื ื”.

ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื™ืžื“ื• ืื•ืชื ื• ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ "ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื• ืฆื•ื“ืงื™ื" ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืขืžื™ื—ื™.

ื•ืžืชืชื™ ืขืœื™ื•!

ื”ื•ื ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืฉื:

ืžึดืŸ ื”ึทืžึผึธืงื•ึนื ืฉืึถื‘ึผื•ึน ืึธื ื•ึผ ืฆื•ึนื“ึฐืงึดื™ื

ืœึนื ื™ึดืฆึฐืžึฐื—ื•ึผ ืœึฐืขื•ึนืœึธื

ืคึผึฐืจึธื—ึดื™ื ื‘ึธึผืึธื‘ึดื™ื‘

ื”ึทืžึผึธืงื•ึนื ืฉืึถื‘ึผื•ึน ืึธื ื•ึผ ืฆื•ึนื“ึฐืงึดื™ื

ื”ื•ึผื ืจึธืžื•ึผืก ื•ึฐืงึธืฉืึถื”

ื›ึผึฐืžื•ึน ื—ึธืฆึตืจ

ืึฒื‘ึธืœ ืกึฐืคึตืงื•ึนืช ื•ึฐืึทื”ึฒื‘ื•ึนืช ืขื•ึนืฉื‚ึดื™ื

ืึถืช ื”ึธืขื•ึนืœึธื ืœึฐืชึธื—ื•ึผื—ึท

ื›ึผึฐืžื•ึน ื—ึฒืคึทืจึฐืคึผึถืจึถืช, ื›ึผึฐืžื•ึน ื—ึธืจึดื™ืฉื

ื•ึผืœึฐื—ึดื™ืฉืึธื” ืชึผึดืฉึผืึธืžึทืข ื‘ึทึผืžึธึผืงื•ึนื

ืฉืึถื‘ึผื•ึน ื”ึธื™ึธื” ื”ึทื‘ึผึทื™ึดืช

ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื ึถื—ึฐืจึทื‘


ื•ืžืžืฉ ื”ืชื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืœืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื–ื”.

ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืœืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื” ืฉื’ื•ืจื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืœืฉื ืื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆื•ื“ืงื™ื

ื•ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื˜ื•ืขื” ืื• ืœื ื‘ืกื“ืจ

ื•ืื™ืš ืื”ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”

ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืœืžื” ืกืคืงื•ืช, ืžื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืกืคืงื•ืช?


ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ื, ืขื ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืœืžื“ืชื™ ืžืžื•ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืงืœื™ื ื™ืงื” ื•ื›ืžืจืฆื”,

ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืžื” ื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœ ืกืคืงื•ืช.

ื”ืŸ ืžื” ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”.

ื”ืŸ ื”ื“ืœืช ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื›ืœื•ื‘ ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ืฉืœ ืืฉืœื™ื™ืช ื”ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช. ืœืฆืืช ืžื›ืœื•ื‘ ื›ื–ื” ื–ื” ืžืคื—ื™ื“, ื–ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ื‘ ื•ื ืจืื” ืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื—, ืื‘ืœ ืจืง ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขื•ืฃ.


ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืžืฉื”ื•, ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืœืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืฉืœื•. ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืจื™ื—ื™ื ืจื™ื—, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืจื™ื—ื™ื ืจื™ื— "ื˜ื•ื‘" ืื• "ืจืข". ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื™ื“ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื• ื”ื•ื ื™ืคื” ืื• ืœื. ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ื™ื ื ื™ื˜ืจืœื™ื™ื ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืœื™ื”ื, ื”ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ.


ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืžื˜ืคืœืช ืื ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื, ื•ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื”. ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืชืขืฆื‘ื•, ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ ืฉื”ื, ืœืžื“ื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ืืœื™ื•. ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืœืขืฆืžื ื•. ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืžื ื”ืœื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื•- ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืขืฆืžื ื• ืื• ืžื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช, ื ื•ืฆืจื• ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืœื—ื•ืช. ืžืกืคื™ืง ืื™ื–ื” ืžื•ืจื” ืฉืืžืจื” ืฉืœื ื™ืฆื ืžืžืš ื›ืœื•ื ืื• ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ืžื™ื ื•ืจื™, ืฉืœื ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื˜ืจืื•ืžื•ืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœ ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ืŸ ืœื "ืืžืช", ืื‘ืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.


ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• "ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื" ืฉืžืฉืจืชื™ื ืื•ืชื ื•, ื•ื—ืœืง ืฉืžืžืฉ ืœื. ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช, ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืฉื. ื•ืฉื ื›ื“ืื™ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืื•ืชื.



ืจืง ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ืขื– ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืกืคืง ื‘ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื (ืœืžืฉืœ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื™ืคื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจืช, ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืจืขื™ื ื™ืงืจื• ืื ืื ื™ ืœื ืืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื”ื›ืœ...) ืจืง ืื–, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ. ื”ืžื“ืข ืขืฆืžื• ื”ื•ื ืื’ื ื•ืกื˜ื™, ื•ื”ืงืคื™ืฆื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืงืจื• ื‘ื• ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ื›ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื”ืขื– ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืกืคืง ื‘ืืžืช ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืœื›ื•ืœื. ื”ืจื•ื— ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื›ื–ื• ืฉ"ืžืกืจื‘ืช ืœืงื‘ืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืœืœื ืจืื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ื“ืขื” ืฉื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ื›ืžืขื˜ ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืœืชื™-ืืคืฉืจื™ืช" (ื‘ืจื ื˜ืื ื“ ืจืืกืœ)


ื–ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฆื ื•ืขื”. ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืžื›ื‘ื“ืช ืืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉืœื™, ืื‘ืœ ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื–ื” ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ืŸ. ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืžื›ื‘ื“ืช ื’ื ืืช ืžื™ ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืื—ืจืช ืžืžื ื™, ืฉืคืชื•ื—ื” ืœืœืžื•ื“, ืฉืžืืžื™ื ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื–ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื•ื‘ื›ื•ืœืŸ ื™ืฉ ืืžืช. ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื›ืœ ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื•ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืฉืœื™. ื”ื™ื ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื‘ืขื™ื” ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ. ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืขืจ ืœืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืืคืฉืจื™ ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืคืฉื•ื˜.


ืื’ื ื•ืกื˜ื™ืงื” ืžืขืฉื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื™ื™ืฉื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืืžืช. ืืœื• ื›ืœื™ื ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืœืฆืืช ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื‘ืจืืฉ ืฉืœื ื•, ื–ื” ืฉืฉื•ืžืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข, ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ืœืขืชื™ื“ ื•ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ "ืžื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช" ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื•. ื–ื” ืœืฆืืช ืžื›ืœ ื–ื” ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœื”ืžื™ืกืคืจื” ื”ื™ืžื ื™ืช ื‘ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ื—ืœืง ืฉื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ืžื”ืขื‘ืจ ื•ื”ืขืชื™ื“, ืžืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช. ื–ื” ื—ืœืง ืฉืจื•ืื” ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช, ื•ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•. ื•ืžืฉื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืืœ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืฉืœื ื•. ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉืจื•ืื” ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื, ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช, ื•ืžื ื”ืœ ืืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ื ื™ื ื”ืœื• ืื•ืชื ื•.


"ื›ืฉืืชื” ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ืืชื” ืžืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืืชื” ืžืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืžืฉืชื ื™ื" (ื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืจ)

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ืคื•ืกื˜ื™ื ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื

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